Initial commit

.gitignore

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+# to exclude Obsidian's settings (including plugin and hotkey configurations)
+.obsidian/
+
+# to only exclude plugin configuration. Might be useful to prevent some plugin from exposing sensitive data
+.obsidian/plugins
+
+# OR only to exclude workspace cache
+.obsidian/workspace.json
+
+# to exclude workspace cache specific to mobile devices
+.obsidian/workspace-mobile.json
+
+# Add below lines to exclude OS settings and caches
+.trash/
+.DS_Store
+

Adverb Positioning.md

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+#很 #都 #很 #adverb #order
+
+The three adverbs 很hěn, 也yě, 都dōu always appear after a subject, but they also have a specified order amongst themselves:
+1. 也 yě
+2. 都 dōu
+3. 很 hěn
+
+For example:
+1. 你很好
+	1. 我也很好
+	2. 我们都很好
+	3. 他们也都很好
+2. 我买书
+	1. 你也买书
+	2. 我们都买书
+	3. 他们也都买书
+
+> [!warning] 都dōu never precedes 也yě
+
+# Negation #不
+
+Negation is more complex; 不bù before or after the adverb has a clear distinction in meaning. E.g.
+1. 不 + 很 = not very, 很 + 不 = very not
+	1. 他不很忙
+	   tā bù hěn máng
+	   He is not too busy
+	2. 他很不忙
+	   tā hěn bù máng
+	   He is not busy at all
+2. 不 + 都 = not all (ie. some), 都 + 不 = all not (ie. none)
+	1. 他们不都是学生
+	   tāmen bù dōu shì xuésheng
+	   They aren't all students
+	2. 他们都不是学生
+	   tāmen dōu bù shì xuésheng
+	   They're all not students
+
+> [!warning] 也yě **always** precedes 不bù
+

Double Object Construction.md

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+#object #construction #还
+
+In English we say:
+```
+subject + verb + direct object + to + indirect object
+```
+
+However, in Mandarin the order is:
+```
+subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
+```
+
+For example:
+1. 我还你书。
+   wǒ huán nǐ shū
+   I return the book **to** you.
+2. 谁教我们汉字？
+   shéi jiāo wǒmen Hànzi
+   Who teaches us Chinese characters?
+3. 他告诉我他的名字。
+   tā gàosu wǒ tā de míngzi
+   He told me his name.
+4. 你问老师什么？
+   nǐ wèn lǎoshī shénme
+   What are you asking the teacher?
+5. 老师给学生词典。
+   lǎoshī gěi xuésheng cidiǎn
+   The teacher gives the students a dictionary.
+
+Different verbs can take two objects, including but not limited to:
+- 还huán
+- 教jiāo
+- 告诉gàosu
+- 问wèn
+- 给gěi
+
+#benefactor
+However, only a small total number of verbs take two grammatical objects. Other verbs may involve the use of a different grammatical pattern to express the directed goal of an action, for example the [[Prepositions#Benefactor benefactor 给|Benefactor pattern]]. So, it's key to remember the difference between verbs which take two objects, and those which use the benefactor pattern. For example, 买 takes the benefactor pattern, so must be used with 给 when describing buying something for someone.
+

Interrogative Measures.md

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+#几 #多少 #question
+
+Measure words are also required in questions asking for a number/quantity. The interrogative word, 几jǐ or 多少duōshao, appears before the measure word.
+Generally 几jǐ is used for anticipated answers smaller than 10, and 多少duōshao is used for any.
+
+- 几 + (measure word)
+	1. 你们有几个中文老师？
+	   nǐmen yǒu jǐge Zhōngwén lǎoshī
+	   How many Chinese teachers do you have?
+	   _(Expecting ~1-3)_
+    2. 你有几个姐姐妹妹？
+       nǐ yǒu jǐge jiějie mèimei
+       How many sisters do you have?
+       _(Answer is likely to be less than 10)_
+- 多少 + (measure word)
+	1. 图书馆有多少本中文画报？
+	   túshūguǎn yǒu duōshaoběn Zhōngwén huàbào
+	   How many pictorials does the library have?
+	   _(Answer is likely to be more than 10)_
+	2. 你们学院有多少个系？
+	   nǐmen xuéyuàn yǒu duōshaoge xì
+	   How many departments does your institute have?
+	   _(Answer likely more than 10)_
+
+# 多少 without a measure word
+多少 can be used with or without a measure word. There is however a slight difference in connotation depending on whether the measure word is used or not. Generally the measure word is omitted when a huge figure is anticipated as the response:
+1. 中文系有多少(个)学生？
+   Zhōngwén xì yǒu duōshao(ge) xuésheng
+   How many students does the Chinese department have?
+2. 中国有多少人？
+   Zhōngguó yǒu duōshao rén
+   How many people does China have?
+   (We omit the 个 as the result is surely huge.)

Locatives.md

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+#在 #这儿 #那儿 #那儿 #locative
+
+Locatives are often used in combination with zài在. They include:
+- **here** - zhèr 这儿 / zhèlǐ 这里
+- **there** - nàr 那儿 / nàlǐ 那里
+- **where** - nǎr 哪儿 / nǎli 哪里
+
+Example with 在:
+>Q) 他在哪儿？ (tā zài nǎr?) - Where is he?
+>A) 他在这儿，他不在那儿。 (tā zài zhèr, tā bú zài nàr) - He is here, not there.
+
+# Adding in Locatives
+Other verbs also take place words. These include 来lái (to come) and 去qù (to go).
+These verbs *must* take place words, unlike in English. In English we can say "come to me", which if we try to translate literally to Chinese gives:
+> <mark style="background: #FF5582A6;">来我。</mark>
+> lái wǒ
+> Come to me.
+
+But that's not correct, as 我 is not a place word. Thus we have to attach a locative word to it to make it an acceptable object for the verb to take. Common options are 这儿zhèr (here) and 那儿nàr (there). Therefore the correct translation would be:
+> 来我这儿。
+> lái wǒ zhèr
+> Come to me.
+
+# 这儿 and 那儿
+The choice between 这儿 and 那儿 mostly depends on the spatial reference:
+1. 他去张大夫那儿。
+	tā qù Zhāng dàifu nàr
+	He went to Dr. Zhang.
+2. 朋友常常来我这儿。
+   péngyou chángcháng lái wǒ zhèr
+   Friends often come to me/my place.
+3. 老师的笔在谁那儿？
+	lǎoshī de bǐ zài shéi nàr?
+	The teacher's pen is with whom?
+4. 你的裙子在妈妈那儿。
+   nǐ de qúnzi zài māma nàr
+   Your skirt is with Mum. (Mum has your skirt.)
+
+# Ownership = 有, Temporary Possession = 在
+For examples (3) and (4) above in English we would often use "to have", ie. "Who has the teacher's pen?". But in Chinese it's not possible to rephrase these with 有. Unlike in English, 有 marks possession through a more permanent nature, like ownership. (3) and (4) are not about ownership, but about who currently is using/borrowing/holding the object. For this meaning, we use 在, as above.

Measure Words.md

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+#measure #demonstrative
+
+A measure word is required between a numeral and a noun. It's also required when a demonstrative is used before a noun:
+```
+demonstrative + measure + noun
+```
+1. 这本书
+   zhè běn shū
+   this book
+2. 那张票
+   nà zhāng piào
+   that ticket
+3. 哪条裙子
+   nǎ tiáo qúnzi
+   which skirt
+
+In the case where a noun is modified by both a demonstrative and a numeral, the former comes before the latter, followed by the measure:
+```
+demonstrative + numeral + measure + noun
+```
+1. 这五个朋友
+   zhè wǔge péngyou
+   these five friends
+2. 那十二件衬衫
+   nà shí'èrjiàn chènshān
+   those twelve shirts
+3. 哪四张地图
+   nǎ sìzhāng dìtú
+   which four maps
+
+The combination of the demonstrative and/or numeral combined with the measure word forms one structural unit, modifying the following *head noun*. In speech, people often leave a small pause before the modifying unit and the head noun. The head noun can even be omitted if it is easily inferred, for example when answering some quantifying questions.

Negation with 不bu.md

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+#不
+
+Negative sentences can be formed by placing bù不 before the verb or adjective:
+```
+Subject + 不 + Verb
+```
+
+
+E.g.
+> 我不忙
+> wǒ bù máng
+> I'm not busy
+
+> 他不好
+> tā bù hǎo
+> He is not fine
+
+> [!info] Pronounciation
+Pronounciation of bu can be complex, depending on the one which follows it. It almost has the tone bù, but when followed by another 4th tone, it becomes bú:
+>不胖 bú pàng (not fat)
+

Pivotal Construction.md

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+Look at the following English sentence:
+```
+John invited Mary to drink beer.
+[N1] [ V1  ] [N2]    [ V2] [N3]
+```
+As the annotations suggest, there are three nouns and two verbs:
+- N1, "John", is the **subject** of V1, "to invite".
+- N3, "beer", is the **object** of V2, "to drink".
+- N2, "Mary", is *both* the **object** of V1, "to invite", *and* the **subject** of V2, "to drink".
+So N2, "Mary", holds a dual identity as the object of the first verb and the subject of the second verb. This is the pivotal construction, and "Mary" is the pivot of the two verbal units.
+
+Chinese constructs pivotal sentences in the same manner as English:
+```
+(subject) + (verb1) + (pivot: object & subject) + (verb2) + (object)
+```
+
+Examples:
+1. 古波请帕兰卡喝啤酒
+   Gǔbō qǐng Pàlánkǎ hē píjiǔ
+   Gubo invites Palanka to drink beer.
+2. 我们请老师唱中国歌儿
+   Wǒmen qǐng lǎoshī cháng Zhōngguó gēr
+   We ask the teacher to sing a Chinese song.
+3. 老师让学生写汉字
+   lǎoshī ràng xuésheng xiě Hànzì
+   The teacher asks students to write Chinese characters.
+4. 大夫不让他喝咖啡
+   dàifu bú ràng tā hē kāfēi
+   The doctor won't let him have coffee.
+
+There are only a limited number of verbs in Chinese that may be used to form a pivotal construction. These include 请qǐng and 让ràng. 请 means "to invite", and 让 means "to allow/let". Even though both mean to ask someone to do something, 请 is a more courteous request: children can 请 their parents do something, whilst parents may 让 their children to do their chores.
+
+## 让ràng - allow, let, ask, request, tell
+让 can be either permissive (as in "allow" or "let"), or a request - it depends on the context. However, 不让 always signifies a lack of permission - a prohibition.
+1. 老师让我用英文说
+   The teacher asked me to speak in English; *or*
+   The teacher let me speak in English
+2. 老师不让学生上课说英文
+   The teacher doesn't allow students to speak English in class
+
+The English word "tell" can be translated to either 告诉gàosu or 让ràng, depending on the context. For example:
+1. 他告诉我们她穿红的
+   She told us she would wear red
+2. 他让我们穿红的
+   She told us to wear red
+Thus, 告诉 is more the "to inform" meaning of "tell", whereas 让 is more the "to instruct" meaning of "tell". An example of using both together in the same sentence would be:
+> 乐老师让我告诉你们，他欢迎你们晚上八点以后去他家听中国音乐。
+> Yuè lǎoshī ràng wǒ gàosu nǐmen, tā huānyíng nǐmen wǎnshang bādiǎn yǐhòu qù tā jiā tīng Zhōngguó yīnyuè.
+> Teacher Yue asked me to tell you that he'd welcome you to come to his place after 8PM to listen to Chinese music.
+
+

Prepositions.md

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+#preposition #construction
+
+In English, prepositional expressions provide extra information related to a sentence's main verb:
+- I study _in the library_.
+- I study _from morning until night_.
+- I study _with my friends_.
+These three phases specify, respectively, place, time and company (wrt. studying).
+
+To do this in Chinese, we use the "prepositional construction". These come **before the verb**.
+
+# Location #在 #locative
+The first type of preposition is _place_, which uses 在 + location/[[Locatives|locative]].
+```
+subject + (在 + location) + (verb + object)
+          (  Location   )
+```
+For example:
+1. 他**在书店**买书。
+   tā **zài shūdiàn** mǎi shū
+   He is buying books **in the bookshop**.
+2. 你弟弟**在我这儿**看杂志。
+   nǐ dìdi **zài wǒ zhèr** kàn zázhì
+   Your brother is reading magazines **at mine.**
+(1) has a real world place as the location, but (2) has a derived locative from attaching 这儿 to 我 (since 我 is not a locative, thus 在 cannot take it as an object).
+
+# Origin #从 #locative
+Origin prepositions can be created with the preposition 从cóng, "from", + location/locative:
+```
+subject + (从 + location) + (verb + object)
+          (    Origin   )
+```
+Examples:
+1. 她从中国来。
+   tā cóng Zhōngguó lái
+   She is coming from China.
+2. 我从家去。
+   wǒ cóng jiā qù
+   I'm going from my house.
+3. 你从我这儿去。
+   nǐ cóng wǒ zhèr qù
+   You're going from mine.
+4. 她从老师那儿去。
+   tā cóng lǎoshī nàr qù
+   She is going from the teacher's place.
+> [!warning] 从 is not a verb
+> Unlike 去 and 来, 从 is not a verb - it is a preposition. Thus, it cannot stand on it's own without another verb. You cannot say "他从中国".
+
+## Destination
+We can use 从 to describe an origin *and* destination - to (verb) *from* somewhere *to* somewhere:
+```
+(从 + location) + verb + location
+(    Origin   )          (Destination)
+```
+Examples:
+1. 她从中国去美国。
+   tā cóng Zhōngguó qù Měiguó
+   She goes from China to the US.
+2. 他从我这儿去书店。
+   tā cóng wǒ zhèr qù shūdiàn
+   He goes from mine to the bookshop.
+3. 他从宿舍去你去你那儿。
+   tā cóng sùshè qù nǐ nàr
+   He goes from the dormitory to your place.
+4. 他从我这儿去你那儿。
+   tā cóng nǐ zhèr qù nǐ nàr
+   He goes from mine to yours. (He goes from me to you.)
+5. 他从哪儿去王老师那儿？
+   tā cóng nǎr qù Wáng lǎoshī nàr
+   From where does he go to Teacher Wang's?
+# Benefactor #benefactor #给
+A benefactor preposition uses 给gěi, "on behalf of somebody"/"for someone's benefit". This is called the *benefactor* preposition. For example:
+1. 我**给弟弟**买画报。
+   wǒ **gěi dìdì** mǎi huàbào
+   I'm buying a pictorial **for my little brother**.
+2. 古波**不给爸爸**写信。
+   Gūbǒ bù gěi bàba xiě xìn
+   Gūbǒ doesn't write **his father**.
+3. 老**给我们**介绍中国吗？
+   lǎoshī **gěi wǒmen** jiěshào Zhōngguó ma
+   Is the teacher going to teach **us** about China?
+4. 我妈妈常**给我**介绍女朋友。
+   wǒ māma cháng **gěi wǒ** jièshào nǚ péngyou
+   My mother often introduces **me** to girls.
+
+Only some verbs can take this 给 pattern. Some key ones to remember are:
+1. `给 (someone) 买 (something)` #买
+2. `给 (someone) 写信` #写
+3. `给 (someone) 介绍 （something/someone)` #介绍

Questions.md

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+There are four main types of question in Chinese:
+1. The Interrogative Particle Question (吗, 呢...)
+2. The Affirmative-Negative Question
+3. [[Interrogative Measures|The Interrogative-Word Question]]
+4. [[The Alternative Question]] (with 还是)

Telling The Time and Date.md

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+#time #点 #时间
+
+The basic time units in Chinese are:
+- 点diǎn - o'clock
+- 分fēn - minute
+- 秒miāo - second
+- 刻kè - quarter
+- 半bàn - half
+These are measure words *per se* - numbers can be placed directly before them.
+
+# Giving the Time
+The time is given like so:
+1. **X** o'clock
+   **X**点(种) 
+   (种zhōng, "clock", is the proper noun used in time measurement)
+2. **X** o'clock **Y** minutes
+   **X**点**Y**分 (**Y** >= 10)
+   **X**点零**Y**分 (**Y** < 10, add a 0 before it)
+3. **X** o'clock 15 minutes
+   **X**点十五分
+   **X**点一刻
+4. **X** o'clock 30 minutes
+   **X**点三十分
+   **X**点半
+5. **X** o'clock 45 minutes
+   **X**点四十五分
+   **X**点三刻
+   差一刻**\+\+X**点 (quarter less than one hour - 差chà = short of)
+
+>[!warning] 两 or 二
+> 点diǎn (o'clock) always takes 两, but 分fēn (minute) always takes 二.
+> E.g. 2:02 is 两点零二分 (liǎng diǎn líng èr fēn).
+> **Unless**, you are using 差 to talk about it being X minutes *to* something, then you use 两.
+
+## Asking for the Time
+#几
+
+The interrogative for asking time is generally 几jǐ, followed by the pertinent time unit. For example:
+1. 现在几点？
+   xiànzài jǐdiǎn
+   What o'clock is it now? (What time is it now?)
+2. 请问现在几点几分？
+   qǐngwèn xiànzài jǐdiǎn jǐfēn
+   Excuse me, what time is it now?
+3. 我的表现在十点十分，教室的种现在十点十三分。
+   wǒ de biǎo xiànzài shídiǎn shífēn, jiàoshì de zhōng xiànzài shídiǎn shísānfēn
+   My watch says it's now 10:10, but the clock in the classroom says 10:13.
+
+>[!info] 是
+>The verb 是 is not required in forming a positive statement or question, but is for a negative:
+>现在不是两点零二分，现在是差两分两点
+>xiànzài bú shì liǎngdiǎn língèrfēn, xiànzài shì chà liǎngfēn liǎngdiǎn.
+>It's not two minutes past two, it's two minutes to two.
+
+# Giving the Date
+
+## Year
+For year xxxx年, simply read off the number as is, with 年nián on the end:
+1. 1900: 一九零零年 (yī-jiǔ-líng-líng-nián)
+2. 1902: 一九零二年 (yī-jiǔ-líng-èr-nián)
+3. 1942: 一九四二年 (yī-jiǔ-sì-èr-nián)
+4. 1987: 一九八七年 (yī-jiǔ-bā-qī-nián)
+5. 2001: 二零零一年 (èr-líng-líng-yī-nián)
+In these uses, 一 will always be pronounced in the first tone, regardless of the following tone. This is because these are ordinal numbers, for which the tone change doesn't apply.
+年 functions as a measure word, and is placed directly after the numeral, e.g. 一年 (one year), not 一个年.
+
+## Month
+Months in Chinese are just referred to by their number + 月:
+1. January: 一月 (yīyuè)
+2. August: 八月 (bāyuè)
+3. November: 十一月 (shíyīyuè)
+Note that 月, unlike 年, is a measure word and not a noun. It takes the measure word 个, so:
+1. one month: 一个月 (yíge yuè)
+2. twelve months: 十二个月 (shí'èrge yuè)
+
+## Day of the Month
+The day of the month is referred to with either 号 or 日. 号 is more common than 日 in spoken language.
+1. first of the month: 一号 (yīhào) \[first tone on 一\]
+2. twenty first of the month: 二十一号 (èrshiyīhào) \[neutral tone on the 十\]
+
+## Day of the Week
+Days of the week are written as 星期N, where N is the day. However, Sunday is slightly different:
+1. Monday: 星期一 (xīngqīyī)
+2. Friday: 星期五 (xīngqīwǔ)
+3. Sunday: 星期天/星期日 (xīngqītiān/xīngqīrì)
+
+## Asking for the Date
+#几 
+
+1. 今天星期几？
+   What day of the week is it today?
+2. 今天几号？
+   What day of the month is it today?
+3. 今天几月几号？
+   What is today's date?
+
+## Last/This/Next (Date)
+**Last** (date):
+- yesterday: 昨天 (zuótiān)
+- last year: 去年 (qùnián)
+- last month: 上个月 (shàng ge yuè)
+- last week: 上个星期 (shàng ge xīngqī)
+- last Sunday: 上个星期天 (shàng ge xīngqītiān)
+**This** (date):
+- today: 今天 (jīntiān)
+- this year: 今年 (jīnnián)
+- this month: 这个月 (zhè ge yuè)
+- this week: 这个星期 (zhè ge xīngqī)
+- this Sunday: 这个星期天 (zhè ge xīngqītiān)
+**Next** (date):
+- tomorrow: 明天 (míngtiān)
+- next year: 明年 (míngnián)
+- next month: 下个月 (xià ge yuè)
+- next week: 下个星期 (xià ge xīngqī)
+- next Sunday: 下个星期天 (xià ge xīngqītiān)
+
+Note that in English we can say things like "last July", or "next September", but which year this falls in depends on the time of year you are talking at. In Chinese, this isn't done, you would just say "this year September", or "last year July".
+# Order
+Time units are always in order of size ascending. For example:
+1. 两点十分 = 2:10
+2. 晚上七点一刻 = 7:15pm
+
+This applies to all units of time, even things like months (it even applies to locations!). For example date and time is ordered like so:
+
+| 1    | 2     | 3   | 4                      | 5    | 6      | 7      |
+| ---- | ----- | --- | ---------------------- | ---- | ------ | ------ |
+| 年    | 月     | 日   | 上午/下午/晚上               | 点    | 分      | 秒      |
+| nián | yuè   | rì  | shàngwǔ/xiàwǔ/wǎnshang | diǎn | fēn    | miāo   |
+| year | month | day | period of day          | hour | minute | second |

The Alternative Question.md

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+#question #还是
+
+An alternative question presents the questioned choices, and asks them to make their selection. For example, you could ask "Would you like to have coffee or tea?" instead of "What would you like to drink?" - the latter being an interrogative word question. In English we use the word "or" to ask alternative questions - the Chinese equivalent is 还是háishì. For example:
+1. 你来还是去？
+   nǐ lái háishì qù
+   Are you coming or going?
+2. 你喝茶还是喝咖啡？
+   nǐ hē chá háishì hē kāfēi
+   Do you drink tea or coffee?
+
+Note that in Chinese we have to have a verb before and after 还是, unlike English. That is to say, we have to say "Do you **drink** tea or **drink** coffee?", not "Do you **drink** tea or coffee?". 还是 treats the "verb + object" pair as a whole unit.
+
+# Forms
+These questions can take on several forms, depending on what you put before and after 还是.
+## Verb and its negation
+```
+subject + (verb) + 还是 + (不 + verb)?
+```
+> 你来还是不来？
+> nǐ lái háishì bù lái
+> Are you coming or not coming?
+
+## Different verbs
+```
+subject + (verb1) + 还是 + (verb2)?
+```
+> 你来还是去？
+
+## Predicates with two different verbs and objects
+```
+subject + (verb1 + object1) + 还是 + (verb2 + object2)?
+```
+> 你来学校还是回宿舍？
+> nǐ lái xuéxiào háishì qù sùshè
+> Are you coming to school or going to the dorm?
+
+## Predicates with same verbs but different objects
+```
+subject + (verb + object1) + 还是 + (verb + object2)
+```
+> 你去图书馆还是去食堂？
+> nǐ qù túshūguǎn háishì qù shítáng
+> Are you going to the library or going to the canteen?
+
+## Predicates with same objects but different verbs
+```
+subject + (verb1 + object) + 还是 + (verb2 + object)
+```
+> 你借书还是还书？
+> nǐ jiè shū háishì huán shū
+> Are you borrowing books or returning books?
+

Tones of 一yi.md

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+The numeral 一yī may be pronounced three different ways:
+1. **一**
+   When 一 is used alone, or stands at the end of a sentence, or is used as part of an ordinal number.
+   十一
+   shíyī
+   Eleven
+2. **一 + (4th tone)**
+   When 一 is followed by a fourth tone, it takes the second tone.
+   一件
+   yíjiàn
+   One (mw. clothing item)
+3. **一 + (1st/2nd/3rd tone)**
+   When 一 is followed by other tones, it takes the fourth tone.
+   一本
+   yìběn
+   One (mw. book)
+4. **一 + (neutral tone)**
+   If the neutral toned syllable was originally 4th tone, then (2) applies - e.g. yígè -> yíge
+   Else, (3) applies
+
+

Transitive Quality Verbs.md

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+#很 
+
+Some verbs can also be modified by degree adverbs. They still take objects in this case, so they are not adjectives. These can be referred to as transitive quality verbs; "transitive" because they take objects, and "quality" because they behave like adjectives. Examples of these verbs which can take degree adverbs include 喜欢xǐhuan (to like), 想xiǎng (to want/miss), 像xiàng (to resemble), and 感谢gǎnxiè (to thank/be thankful):
+1. 我非常喜欢喝桔子水
+   wǒ fēicháng xǐhuan hē júzishuǐ
+   I really do like to drink orange juice
+2. 我真想去看今天晚上的京剧
+   I really want to go to see tonight's Beijing Opera
+3. 在图书馆工作的王太太有一个非常漂亮的女儿。我们都说她真想妈妈。王太太很高兴。
+   Mr. Wang's wife, who works at the library, has an extremely beautiful daughter. We all told her she really looks like her mother. Mrs. Wang was very happy.
+4. 我们感谢你，我们更感谢你太太。
+   We thank you, but we thank your wife even more.

Verb-Verb Series.md

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+#verb #construction
+
+Series of verbal expressions can be strung together, with one acting as a predicate and the rest adding more information.
+In English, prepositional expressions provide extra information related to a sentence's main verb:
+- I study _in the library_.
+- I study _from morning until night_.
+- I study _with my friends_.
+These three phases specify, respectively, place, time and company (wrt. studying).
+
+To do this in Chinese, we use the "prepositional construction". These come **before the verb**.
+
+# Purpose #purpose
+Verb-verb series can be used to express purpose.
+```
+subject + (verb + object) + (verb + object)
+                            (   Purpose   )
+```
+
+Examples:
+1. 你去商店买书。
+   nǐ qù shāngdiàn mǎi shū
+   You're going to the shop to buy books.
+2. 他来宿舍看朋友。
+   tā lái sùshè kàn péngyou
+   He's coming to the dormitory to see a friend.
+3. 老师来帮助我
+   lǎoshī lái bāngzhù wǒ
+   The teacher is coming to help me.
+
+## Negative Form #不
+This pattern can also be negated with 不, for example:
+> 你不去商店买书。
+> nǐ bú qù shāngdiàn mǎi shū
+> You're **not** going to the shop to buy books.
+
+## Interrogative Form #吗
+It can also be made interrogative with 吗:
+> 你去商店买书吗？
+> nǐ qù shāngdiàn mǎi shū ma?
+
+Or with a yes-no construction:
+> 你去不去商店买书？
+> nǐ qù bu qù shāngdiàn mǎi shū?
+
+# Location #在 #locative
+The first type of preposition is _place_, which uses 在 + location/[[Locatives|locative]].
+```
+subject + (在 + location) + (verb + object)
+          (  Location   )
+```
+For example:
+1. 他**在书店**买书。
+   tā **zài shūdiàn** mǎi shū
+   He is buying books **in the bookshop**.
+2. 你弟弟**在我这儿**看杂志。
+   nǐ dìdi **zài wǒ zhèr** kàn zázhì
+   Your brother is reading magazines **at mine.**
+(1) has a real world place as the location, but (2) has a derived locative from attaching 这儿 to 我 (since 我 is not a locative, thus 在 cannot take it as an object).
+
+# Origin #从 #locative
+Origin prepositions can be created with the preposition 从cóng, "from", + location/locative:
+```
+subject + (从 + location) + (verb + object)
+          (    Origin   )
+```
+Examples:
+1. 她从中国来。
+   tā cóng Zhōngguó lái
+   She is coming from China.
+2. 我从家去。
+   wǒ cóng jiā qù
+   I'm going from my house.
+3. 你从我这儿去。
+   nǐ cóng wǒ zhèr qù
+   You're going from mine.
+4. 她从老师那儿去。
+   tā cóng lǎoshī nàr qù
+   She is going from the teacher's place.
+> [!warning] 从 is not a verb
+> Unlike 去 and 来, 从 is not a verb - it is a preposition. Thus, it cannot stand on it's own without another verb. You cannot say "他从中国".
+
+## Destination
+We can use 从 to describe an origin *and* destination - to (verb) *from* somewhere *to* somewhere:
+```
+(从 + location) + verb + location
+(    Origin   )          (Destination)
+```
+Examples:
+1. 她从中国去美国。
+   tā cóng Zhōngguó qù Měiguó
+   She goes from China to the US.
+2. 他从我这儿去书店。
+   tā cóng wǒ zhèr qù shūdiàn
+   He goes from mine to the bookshop.
+3. 他从宿舍去你去你那儿。
+   tā cóng sùshè qù nǐ nàr
+   He goes from the dormitory to your place.
+4. 他从我这儿去你那儿。
+   tā cóng nǐ zhèr qù nǐ nàr
+   He goes from mine to yours. (He goes from me to you.)
+5. 他从哪儿去王老师那儿？
+   tā cóng nǎr qù Wáng lǎoshī nàr
+   From where does he go to Teacher Wang's?
+# Benefactor #benefactor #给
+A benefactor preposition uses 给gěi, "on behalf of somebody"/"for someone's benefit". This is called the *benefactor* preposition:
+```
+subject + (给 + person) + verb + object
+          (Benefactor )
+```
+For example:
+1. 我**给弟弟**买画报。
+   wǒ **gěi dìdì** mǎi huàbào
+   I'm buying a pictorial **for my little brother**.
+2. 古波**不给爸爸**写信。
+   Gūbǒ bù gěi bàba xiě xìn
+   Gūbǒ doesn't write **his father**.
+3. 老**给我们**介绍中国吗？
+   lǎoshī **gěi wǒmen** jiěshào Zhōngguó ma
+   Is the teacher going to teach **us** about China?
+4. 我妈妈常**给我**介绍女朋友。
+   wǒ māma cháng **gěi wǒ** jièshào nǚ péngyou
+   My mother often introduces **me** to girls.
+
+Only some verbs can take this 给 pattern. Some key ones to remember are:
+1. `给 (someone) 买 (something)` mǎi (buy) #买
+2. `给 (someone) 写信` xiě (write) #写
+3. `给 (someone) 介绍 （something/someone)` jièshào (introduce) #介绍
+
+# Accompaniment #accompaniment #跟 #一起
+The company expression uses the verb 跟gēn "to follow, with", the object referring to the company, and the adverb 一起yìqǐ:
+```
+(跟 + person + 一起) + verb
+(      Company     )
+```
+Examples:
+1. 我们跟老师一起去图书馆。
+   wǒmen gēn lǎoshī yìqǐ qù túshūguǎn
+   We go to the library together with the teacher.
+2. 我跟我弟弟一起去看电影。
+   wǒ gēn wǒ dìdi yìqǐ qù kàn diànyǐng
+   I'll go to see a movie with my younger brother.
+3. 你在他那儿等一下人，我去阅览室找张先生。我们跟他一起去买词典。
+   nǐ zài tā nàr děng yíxiàr, wǒ qù yuèlǎnshì zhǎo Zhāng xiānsheng. wǒmen gēn tā yìqǐ qù mǎi cídiǎn
+   Please wait at his place, I will go to the reading room to look for Mr. Zhang. We'll go together with him to buy a dictionary.
+
+# Conveyance #conveyance 
+Conveyance can be used to express the method of transporting/travelling somewhere - in most cases a means of transportation (e.g. a car):
+```
+(Conveyance) + verb
+```
+Some common phrases are 坐车zuò chē (literally: sit car - by car), 走路zǒu lù (literally: walk road - on foot). 坐 can take many different types of vehicle, but one walks (走) on road (路). Examples:
+1. 我们坐车去邮局。
+   wǒmen zuò chē qù yóujú
+   We go to the post office by car.
+2. 他们走(路)来这儿。
+   tāmen zǒu (lù) lái zhèr
+   They come here on foot.
+3. 下班以后，我和爸爸在书店等妈妈。我们一起坐车回家。
+   xiàbān yǐhòu, wǒ hé bàba zài shūdiàn děng māma. wǒmen yìqǐ zuò chē huí jiā.
+   After work, Dad and I will wait for Mum in the bookshop. We'll go home together in the car.
+
+# Instrument #instrument #用
+The instrumental expression is another verb-object construction. The verb is 用yòng (to use), and the object refers to the instrument/means:
+```
+(用 + instrument) + verb
+```
+Examples:
+1. 我们用笔写字。
+   wǒmen yòng bǐ xiě zì
+   We write using a pen.
+2. 老师用汉语介绍语法。
+   lǎoshī yòng Hànyǔ jièshào yǔfǎ
+   The teacher introduces grammar, in Chinese.
+3. 晚上七点以后，他在教师用英语介绍汉语语法。
+   wǎnshang qīdiǎn yǐhòu, tā zài jiàoshì yòng Yīngyǔ jièshào Hànyǔ yǔfǎ
+   After 7pm, he'll be in the classroom explaining, in English, Chinese grammar.
+
+# Ordering of Verbal Constructions #order 
+Verbal constructions usually have a preferred order. Here are some examples:
+1. <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">Subject</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">Time</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">Accompaniment</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">Origin</mark> 》<mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">Conveyance</mark> 》<mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">Main Verb</mark> 》<mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">Object</mark>
+   <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">我</mark><mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">下课以后</mark><mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">跟我朋友一起</mark><mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">从教室</mark><mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">走路</mark><mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">去</mark><mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">图书馆</mark>。
+   <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">wǒ</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">xià kě yǐhòu</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">gēn wǒ péngyou yìqǐ</mark> <mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">cóng jiàoshì</mark> <mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">zǒu lù</mark> <mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">qù</mark> <mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">túshūguǎn</mark>
+   <mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">After class</mark>, <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">I</mark> <mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">will go</mark> <mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">on foot</mark> <mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">to the library</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">together with my friends</mark>.
+2. <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">Time,</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">Subject</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">Location</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">Benefactor</mark> 》<mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">Instrument</mark> 》<mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">Main Verb</mark> 》<mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">Object</mark>
+   <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">晚上八点以后，</mark><mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">王老师</mark><mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">在教室</mark><mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">给学生</mark><mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">用英语</mark><mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">介绍</mark><mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">这个法国电影</mark>。
+   <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">wǎnshang bādiǎn yǐhòu,</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">Wáng lǎoshī</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">zài jiàoshì</mark> <mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">gěi xuésheng</mark> <mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">yòng Yīngyǔ</mark> <mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">jièshào</mark> <mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">zhè ge Fǎguó diànyǐng</mark>
+   <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">After 8pm,</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">Teacher Wang</mark> will be <mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">in the classroom</mark> <mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">introducing</mark> <mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">to the students</mark>, <mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">in English</mark>, <mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">a French film</mark>.
+3. <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">Subject</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">Time</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">Accompaniment</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">Conveyance</mark> 》<mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">Main Verb</mark> 》<mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">Object</mark> 》<mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">Purpose</mark>
+   <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">我</mark><mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">现在</mark><mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">跟你一起</mark><mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">走路</mark><mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">去</mark><mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">那儿</mark><mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">坐车</mark>，好吗？
+   <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">wǒ</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">xiànzài</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">gēn nǐ yìqǐ</mark> <mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">zǒu lù</mark> <mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">qù</mark> <mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">nàr</mark> <mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">zuò chē</mark>, hǎo ma?
+   <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">I</mark><mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">'m going</mark> <mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">there</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">with you</mark> <mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">on foot</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">now</mark> <mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">to catch the bus</mark>, ok?

Verbal Units Functioning as Objects.md

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+Normally, we would expect a nominal (noun or pronoun) to appear in the object slot in a sentence:
+> 我喜欢你
+
+However, people don't only like objects, they can also like actions and events. Thus, 喜欢 may take a verb, a verb-object construction, or even a whole sentence as its object:
+1. 我喜欢学习
+   I like studying
+2. 我喜欢听音乐
+   I like listening to music
+4. 我喜欢看中国电影
+   I like watching Chinese movies
+5. 你喜欢喝什么茶？
+   What kind of tea do you like to drink?
+6. 我喜欢去图书馆看书
+   I like to go the library to read books
+7. 我不喜欢你吸烟
+   I don't like you smoking
+8. 帕兰卡喜欢不喜欢穿裙子？
+   Does Palanka like to wear skirts?
+
+Note that including a verb where possible is preferred in Chinese:
+1. 我喜欢咖啡
+   I like coffee
+2. 我喜欢喝咖啡
+   I like to drink coffee
+Whilst (1) would probably be more commonly used in English, (2) is preferred in Chinese.
+
+Verbs other than 喜欢xǐhuan ("to like") can take a verbal object, including: 学xué (to learn), 想xiǎng (to think/want), and 要yào (to want):
+1. 我学说，不学写。
+2. 我学写汉字。
+3. 我很想看中国电影。
+4. 你想去哪儿喝咖啡？
+5. 我要一杯咖啡。
+6. 你要吃什么？
+

一下儿yíxiàr.md

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+#一下 #一下儿
+
+# The Tentative 一下儿
+To express doing something "just a little bit", we can suffix the verb with the tentative marker 一下儿yíxiàr. E.g.:
+1. 看一下儿 kàn yíxiàr - take a look
+2. 用一下儿 yòng yíxiàr - use (it) a little/for a short while
+
+This is often used to ask for permission to use an object, softening the request:
+> 我用一下儿您的车，好吗？
+> wǒ yòng yíxiàr nín de chē, hǎo ma?
+> Is it okay if I use your car (for a bit)?
+

多duō.md

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+#adjective #多 #少
+
+The adjective 多duō ("many, much"), like all adjectives, can be used attributively or predicatively. I.e. it can stand before a noun as it's modifier, or it may constitute a predicate all by itself - for example:
+> 他的书很多，也很新。
+> tā de shū hěn duō, yě hěn xīn
+> His books are many, and new too.
+
+多 can never appear on it's own while being used attributively though, unlike other adjectives. It always requires the presence of another adverb such as 很hěn before it:
+1. <mark style="background: #FF5582A6;">多朋友</mark>
+   <mark style="background: #FF5582A6;">duō péngyou</mark>
+   <mark style="background: #FF5582A6;">many friends</mark>
+   (Wrong)
+2. 新朋友
+   xīn péngyou
+   new friends
+3. 很多朋友
+   hěn duō péngyou
+   many friends
+
+Remember, when using a monosyllabic adjective like 多, [[的de#Single-Syllable Adjectives|we can omit the 的]]. We wouldn't expect this to apply because we combine it with 很 to make 很多 (which is no longer monosyllabic), but it's actually a special case and 的 can be omitted - as above. 少 actually shares this behaviour, but often 很少 is not used and a negative of 很多 is used instead, for example "没有很多书".
+
+

常cháng + 常常chángcháng.md

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+#常 #adverb
+
+The adverb 常cháng and it's reduplicated form 常常chángcháng always come after the subject in a sentence:
+1. 我朋友(常/常常)来看我。
+   wǒ péngyou (cháng/chángcháng) lái kàn wǒ
+   My friend often comes to see me.
+
+>[!warning] Adverb Order #order
+>Adverb ordering with 常 should be: 也 》都 》常
+
+# Negation #不 
+When the sentence is negated, only the monosyllabic form 常cháng is used.
+The ordering of 不 and 常 changes the meaning:
+- 不常
+  bù cháng
+  not often
+  (commonly used)
+- 常不
+  cháng bù
+  often not
+  (only really used in idiomatic expressions)

每měi.md

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+#每 #measure #demonstrative 
+
+每měi is a demonstrative, with the meaning "each and every". Like all demonstratives, it requires a [[Measure Words|measure word]] between it and a noun:
+```
+每 + measure + noun (+ 都)
+```
+Examples:
+1. 每个老师都很忙。
+   měi ge lǎoshī dōu hěn máng
+   Every teacher is busy.
+2. 每本书都是新的。
+   měi běn shū dōu shì xīn de
+   Every book is a new one.
+
+Some nouns behave like measure words, however, and don't need another measure. One such example is 天, which is why we just say 每天. 
+都 is used to highlight the plurality of the "each and every" statement. However, it is omitted when using an interrogative numeral (多少/几):
+1. 每(个)班有几个老师？
+   měi (ge) bān yǒu jǐge lǎoshī
+   How many teachers does each class have?
+2. 每个学生买多少张票？
+   měi ge xuésheng mǎi duōshaozhāng piào
+   How many tickets does each student buy?
+The same applies when answering these questions:
+1. 每班有两个老师。
+   měi bān yǒu liǎngge lǎoshī
+   Each class has two teachers.
+Not that here, 每 is acting as "each", and not "every".
+
+When 每 appears with the object of a sentence, 都 is not used before the verb. This is because 都 stands in front of a verb, marking the plurality of the nominal *before* the 都. In this case, the plurality should apply to the object which is *after* the verb:
+> 老师给每个学生两本杂志。
+> lǎoshī gěi měi ge xuésheng liǎngběn zázhì
+> The teacher gives each student two magazines.
+> (We can't put 都 before the verb 给, because then it would seem like it's saying "all teachers".)
+

的de.md

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+#的 #adjective #possession
+
+
+的 is used to modify a noun. It can be used when modifying a noun to show possession, or when modifying a noun to describe it with an adjective. 
+
+# "Floating" 的
+Often you will see the noun following 的 omitted, leaving it "floating". This form is actually often preferred, as long as the noun is easily inferred. For example:
+1. 这本书是图书馆的<mark style="background: #FF5582A6;">书</mark>
+   becomes
+   这本书是图书馆的
+   zhè běn shū shì túshūguǎn de
+   This book is the library's (book)
+2. 那张地图是我的<mark style="background: #FF5582A6;">地图</mark>
+   那张地图是我的
+   nà zhāng dìtú shì wǒ de
+   That map is mine
+3. 这条裙子是新的<mark style="background: #FF5582A6;">裙子</mark>
+    这条裙子是新的
+    nà tiáo qúnzi shì xīn de
+    That skirt is new
+
+Consider the following two sentences:
+1. 这是我的书。
+   zhè shì wǒ de shū
+   This is my book.
+2. 这本书是我的。
+   zhè běn shū shì wǒ de
+   That book is mine.
+They both describe ownership. However (2) stresses solely the ownership, whereas (1) is more of an identification. They could answer different questions:
+1. 这是什么？
+   zhè shì shénme
+   What is this?
+   》This is my book.
+2. 这本书是谁的？
+   zhè běn shū shì shéi de
+   Whose book is this?
+   》This book is mine.
+
+## Categorical and Descriptive Adjectives #categorical #descriptive
+Now consider another pair of sentences:
+1. 那本书狠新。
+   nà běn shū hěn xīn
+   That book is new.
+2. 那本书是新的
+   nà běn shū shì xīn de
+   That book is a new one.
+
+They are very alike in meaning, both describing a new book. However, they describe two different kinds of newness: the *categorical* newness, and the *descriptive* newness.
+*Categorical* describes the object as being either part of the category of being new, or not being part of the category of being new. For example, all of us have purchased new books, so categorically all books are new. But if my book, though new, is somewhat dirty or creased, it may not be as "new" as someone else's. In that case "new" is a *description* which allows different degrees of variation.
+In Chinese, the dichotomy between categorical and descriptive  (or absolute and relative) is presented with two different patterns:
+```
+Categorical: 是 + adjective + 的
+Descriptive: 很 + adjective
+```
+
+The presence of 很 (very) underscore the relativity of the condition represented by the adjective. For example:
+1. 这件衬衫是蓝的。
+   zhè jiàn chènshān shì lán de
+   This shirt is a blue one.
+2. 这件衬衫不太蓝。
+   zhè jiàn chènshān bú tài lán
+   This shirt is not too blue.
+Sentence (1) is saying the shirt is categorically a blue one - it's not yellow, white, or red. The shade of blue is irrelevant - it's blue. Sentence (2) stresses that the particular shade of blue is not *that* blue, compared with other blue objects. We could combine these statements:
+> 这件衬衫是蓝的，可是不太蓝。
+> zhè jiàn chènshān shì lán de, kěshì bú tài lán
+> This shirt is blue, but not too blue.
+
+Some other examples include:
+1. 她的大衣不是新的，是旧的。
+   tā de dàyī bú shì xīn de, shì jiù de
+   Her overcoat is not a new one; it's an old one.
+2. 他的衬衫是白的，裤子是黑的。
+   tā de chènshān shì bái de, kùzi shì hēi de
+   His shirt is a white one, and his trousers are black ones.
+3. 他给我五张纸。那伍张不都是白的。一张是白的，四张是绿的。
+   tā gěi wǒ wǔzhāng zhǐ. nà wǔzhāng bù dōu shì bái de. yìzhān shì bái de, sìzhān shì lü de.
+   He gave me five sheets of paper. Not all five sheets are white - one sheet was white, and four sheets are green.
+4. 张老师给我两张票，一张是白的，一张是蓝的。白的是京剧票，蓝的是电影票。
+   Teacher Zhang gave me two tickets. One is white, one is blue. The white one is an opera ticket, and the blue one is a movie ticket.
+
+# Omitting 的
+Sometimes 的 can be omitted.
+
+## Pronouns Possessing People
+When describing a pronoun possessing another person (e.g. my brother), 的 can normally be omitted:
+1. 我爸爸
+   wǒ bàba
+   my father
+2. 古波的爸爸
+   Gǔbō de bàba
+   Gubo's father
+   (的 is not omitted, as 古波 is not a pronoun)
+
+## Nouns Modifying Nouns
+When a noun is modified by another noun which describes its attributed or characteristics, 的 is often omitted:
+1. 中国地图
+   Zhōngguó dìtú
+   map of China
+2. 学生宿舍
+   xuésheng sùshè
+   student dormitory
+3. 京剧票
+   jīngjù piào
+   opera ticket
+
+Absence of 的 can even affect meaning:
+1. 中国朋友
+   Zhōngguó péngyou
+   Chinese friend
+2. 中国的朋友
+   Zhōngguó de péngyou
+   friend of China
+
+## Single-Syllable Adjectives
+Often when a noun is described by a one-syllable adjective, the 的 can be omitted:
+1. 新地图
+   xīn dìtú
+   new map
+2. 白大衣
+   bái dàyī
+   white overcoat
+3. 大书店
+   dà shūdiàn
+   big bookshop
+很 combines with the following adjective to make a multi-syllabic adjective, and the 的 reappears:
+1. 他没有狠心的杂志。
+   tā méiyǒu hěn xīn de zázhì
+   He doesn't have any new magazines.
+
+>[!warning] Multiple Single-Syllable Adjectives
+>When a noun is described by multiple one-syllable adjectives, only the last 的 can be omitted
+>---
+>新的白大衣
+>xīn de bái dàyī
+>new white overcoat
+
+## Combined Example
+Here is an example of building up a phrase using these rules:
+
+|      Hanzi |                               Pinyin |                           Meaning |
+| ---------: | -----------------------------------: | --------------------------------: |
+|        蓝裙子 |                            lán qúnzi |                        blue skirt |
+|      旧的蓝裙子 |                     jiù de lán qúnzi |                    old blue skirt |
+|    两条旧的蓝裙子 |           liǎngtiáo jiù de lán qúnzi |               two old blue skirts |
+|   这两条旧的蓝裙子 |       zhè liǎngtiáo jiù de lán qúnzi |         these two old blue skirts |
+| 我的这两条旧的蓝裙子 | wǒ de zhè liǎngtiáo jiù de lán qúnzi | these two old blue skirts of mine |
+
+
+# Relative Clause Constructions (Verbs Modifying Nouns)
+
+We know how to modify nouns using nouns (e.g. possession) and adjectives, with 的de in between the two.
+A noun may also be modified by a verb, though. Take, for example "the crying baby", or "an interesting book". In English, we can phrase such constructions in two ways/orders:
+```
+   a crying baby     =     a baby that cries
+ (modifier + noun)         (noun + modifier)
+```
+When the modifying verbal unit comes after the noun ("a baby that cries"), this is called a relative clause construction.
+
+Chinese is actually simpler that English, when it comes to this construction, as we don't have to worry about the conjoining word ("that", "which", "who", etc.) - it's always 的 (which is never omitted in this construction). We also don't have to worry about the order - the verbal unit is always first:
+1. 参加的同学
+   the classmate who attends
+2. 参加舞会的同学
+   the classmate who attends the party
+3. 来参加舞会的同学
+   the classmate to comes to attend the party
+4. 今天来参加舞会的同学
+   the classmate who comes today to attend the party
+5. 参加的舞会
+   the party which (X) attended
+6. 你参加的舞会
+   the party which you attended
+7. 你去参加的舞会
+   the party which you went to attend
+8. 你昨天去参加的舞会
+   the party which you went to attend yesterday
+9. 你昨天跟你同学一起去参加的舞会
+   the party which you, together with your classmates, went to attend yesterday
+
+Let's say we have a scenario of Ding Yun going together with his friend to attend a party: 丁云跟朋友一起去参加舞会. Now, we want to identify this friend as Gubo in the sentence, to provide more information. We need to reorganise the sentence to make 朋友 the subject, then turn the rest into a modifying clause:
+> 跟丁云一起去参加舞会的那个朋友是古波。
+> gēn Dīng Yún yìqǐ qù cānjiā de nà ge péngyou shì Gǔbō.
+> The friend who went together with Ding Yun to attend the party was Gubo.
+
+Now, what about if we want to say the party was a lot of fun? We can select 舞会 as the subject, and turn the other info into a relative clause modifying the head noun:
+> 丁云和古波一起去参加的那个舞会很有意思
+> The party which Ding Yun and Gubo went together to attend to was a lot of fun.
+
+Here are some more complex example sentences:
+1. 你看，这是我在中国给你买的新年礼物。漂亮吗？
+    Look, this is the the new year's gift I bought for you in China. Isn't it beautiful?
+2. 那个给我们开门的孩子真好看。她是王老师的女儿吗？
+   That child who opened the door for us is very pretty. Is she Teacher Wang's daughter?
+3. 我真喜欢上个星期五晚上跟我跳舞的那个年轻人。你知道他是谁吗？
+   I really like that young man who danced with me last Friday night. Do you know who he is?
+4. 上个星期，两个从英国来的学生来找你。一个我不认识，一个是去年跟我们一起在中国学习汉语的同学。
+   Last week, two students from England came to look for me. I didn't recognise one, the other is a classmate who studied Chinese with us in China last year.  

还hái.md

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+#adverb #还 
+
+The adverb 还hái has a variety of meanings. One of the basic usages is to indicated "in addition to", "beside", or "on top of that":
+> **(1)** 我有三个姐姐，四个妹妹， 还有一个哥哥。
+> wǒ yǒu sānge jiějie, sìge mèime, hái yǒu yige gēge
+> I have three elder sisters, one younger sister, in addition to one older brother.
+
+# 还 and 也
+还 feels similar to 也yě, which means "also". We can even rephrase the previous sentence using 也:
+> **(2)** 我有三个姐姐， 四个妹妹， 也有一个哥哥。
+> wǒ yǒu sānge jiějie, sìge mèimei, yě yǒu yige gēge.
+
+However, there are a few differences between the two in usage.
+
+## Element of Surprise
+也 marks a parallel situation of a relationship between two events or action - hence, it is translated as "also" or "too".
+还, however, indicates an element of surprise - which is why it is translated more as "on top of", "in addition to", etc.
+Therefore, **(2)** is simply a counting of the siblings one has - whilst **(1)** places emphasis on the large number of siblings one has:
+> Not only do I have seven sisters, I also have one brother.
+
+Here is another pair of examples:
+> **(3)** 王老师教语法，也叫汉字。
+> Wáng lǎoshī jiāo yǔfǎ, yě jiāo Hànzi
+> Teacher Wang teaches grammar, and also Chinese characters.
+> 
+> **(4)** 王老师教语法，还叫汉字。
+> Wáng lǎoshī jiāo yǔfǎ, hái jiāo Hànzi
+> Teacher Wang teaches grammar. On top of that, he also teaches Chinese characters.
+
+Again **(3)** is a more simple and plain way of putting the sentence.  **(4)** is a much more emphatic description of the same: Not only does Mr. Wang teach grammar (which is already hard), he also teaches Chinese characters!
+Thus we can see 也 has a much more factual tone, as opposed to 还's extra emphasis or indication of surprise.
+Here is an example of using both 也 and 还 in the same sentence:
+> **(5)**
+> 》**A:** 我现在去新图书馆借书。那儿有英语书，也有法语书，还有中文报。你去不去？
+>      wǒ xiànzài qù xīn túshūguǎn jiè shū. nàr yǒu yīngyú shū, yě yǒu fǎyú shū, hái yǒu Zhōngwén bào. nǐ qù bu qù?
+>      I'm now going to the new bookshop to borrow books. There there are English books, and French books. In addition, they have Chinese newspapers. Are you going?
+> 》**B:** 我也去。我去那儿还地图。
+>      wǒ yě qù. wǒ qù nàr huán dìtú.
+>      I'm also going. I'm going there to return a map.
+
+## 还 can't mean "A does X, B also does X"
+To express the meaning: "**A** does **X**, **A** also does **Y**." You can use either 也 or 还.
+However, for the meaning: "**A** does **X**, **B** also does **X**" you can *only* use 也.
+Some examples:
+1. 我教语法，(我)也教汉字。
+   wǒ jiāo yǔfǎ, (wǒ) yě jiāo Hànzi
+   I teach grammar, and I also teach Chinese characters.
+2. 我教语法， 你也教语法。
+   wǒ jiāo yǔfǎ, nǐ yě jiāo yǔfǎ
+   I teach grammar, and you also teach grammar.
+3. 我教语法，(我)还教汉字。
+   wǒ jiāo yǔfǎ, (wǒ) hái jiāo Hànzi
+   I teach grammar, and on top of that, I also teach Chinese characters.
+4. <mark style="background: #FF5582A6;">我教语法，你还教语法。 (Incorrect)</mark>
+   <mark style="background: #FF5582A6;">wǒ jiāo yǔfǎ, nǐ hái jiāo yǔfǎ</mark>
+<mark style="background: #FF5582A6;">   I teach grammar, and on top of that, you also teach grammar.</mark>
+