From 9c63a22b52ef9f77c09c1d3a1ce64e51a9f73e24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Bond-Preston Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2024 17:55:17 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] vault update: 2024-06-16 17:55:17 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Affected files: Complements.md The Indefinite Measure Word.md Verb Reduplication.md 吧ba.md --- Complements.md | 17 +++++++++++++++++ The Indefinite Measure Word.md | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Verb Reduplication.md | 9 ++++++++- 吧ba.md | 2 +- 4 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) create mode 100644 Complements.md create mode 100644 The Indefinite Measure Word.md diff --git a/Complements.md b/Complements.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..513dda5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Complements.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +A complement is a grammatical unit, generally made up of a verbal or an adjectival expression, that appears after the main verb in a sentence to enhance its meaning. The Chinese language contains many various types of complements. + +# Complement of Degree +#得 +The complement of degree provides a degree to which the verb occurs. In Chinese, 得 is used to join it to the verb it modifies: +``` +Verb + 得 + (Degree Adverb + Adjective) + ( Complement of Degree ) +``` + +1. 他吃得很多 tā chī de hěn duō "he ate a lot" +2. 他写得很好 tā xiě de hěn hǎo "he writes really well" +3. 他来得很晚 tā lái de hěn wǎn "he came very late" + +## Questions +Questions can be formed in this pattern, either affirmative-negative, or interrogative: +1. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The Indefinite Measure Word.md b/The Indefinite Measure Word.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1652d14 --- /dev/null +++ b/The Indefinite Measure Word.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +#些 #一些 #measure + +A measure word is required when the noun is qualified by a numeral, e.g. 三**本**书. It's also required with the demonstrative, e.g. 这**本**书. +For the latter case, the demonstrative, we omit any numerals - but the implication is that there is only one (ie. this book). So, how can we say "these books"? +In Chinese, an indefinite measure word is used for this purpose. + +# Countable Nouns: 些 +For countable nouns, this is 些xiē: +1. 这些人 zhè xiē rén "these people" +2. 那些车 nà xiē chē "those cars" +3. 哪些书？nǎ xiē shū? which books? + +些xiē can also appear with the numeral for one, 一. This matches the English use of "a" in "a few of" or "a bit of": +1. 一些朋友 yìxiē péngyou "a few/some friends" +2. 一些票 yìxiē piào "a few/some tickets" + +>[!warning] 一些 is never the subject +>Unlike in English, where "some [noun]" can occupy the subject position in a sentence, 一些X can never do this in Chinese. + + +# Uncountable Nouns: 点儿 +Another indefinite measure word in Chinese in 点儿, used for small amounts of uncountable things. It can also be used instead of 一些 for countable things, in which case it indicates an even smaller amount. +1. 一点儿咖啡 yìdiǎnr kāfēi "some coffee" +2. 我有一些事儿请你帮助。 + I have a few things which I need your help with. +3. 我有一点二事儿请你帮助。 + I have something which I need your help with. + diff --git a/Verb Reduplication.md b/Verb Reduplication.md index b38b214..710d190 100644 --- a/Verb Reduplication.md +++ b/Verb Reduplication.md @@ -26,4 +26,11 @@ Reduplicating a verb indicates a tentative notion, a trivialisation of an action - 你们现在没事儿，来我家坐坐，休息休息。 Now that you don't have anything to do, come to my house and sit and relax a little. -Reduplication only occurs for volitional actional verbs - those that one carries out by intention. Adjectives, transitive quality verbs, and 是, 在, 有 do not undergo this reduplication. \ No newline at end of file +Reduplication only occurs for volitional actional verbs - those that one carries out by intention. Adjectives, transitive quality verbs, and 是, 在, 有 do not undergo this reduplication. + +# With 一 Between +Sometimes, monosyllabic verbs can be reduplicated with 一yi in between. This never applies to multisyllabic verbs. Generally, there is no difference in meaning between XX and X一X. Note that when sandwiched like this, the second verbs regains it's normal tone: +1. 等一等 děngyiděng + to wait a bit +2. 走一走 zǒuyizǒu + to take a walk \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/吧ba.md b/吧ba.md index af59fa4..7a6f6c8 100644 --- a/吧ba.md +++ b/吧ba.md @@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ For example: Please, tell us a little bit about it. 9. 妈妈告诉儿子说, “你现在穿的衬衫不干净，也不好看。别穿这件，穿那件吧。” Mum told her son, "The shirt you are wearing right now isn't clean, and doesn't look good. Don't wear this one, why don't you wear that one instead?" - \ No newline at end of file +