191 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
191 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
#verb #construction
|
||
|
||
Series of verbal expressions can be strung together, with one acting as a predicate and the rest adding more information.
|
||
In English, prepositional expressions provide extra information related to a sentence's main verb:
|
||
- I study _in the library_.
|
||
- I study _from morning until night_.
|
||
- I study _with my friends_.
|
||
These three phases specify, respectively, place, time and company (wrt. studying).
|
||
|
||
To do this in Chinese, we use the "prepositional construction". These come **before the verb**.
|
||
|
||
# Purpose #purpose
|
||
Verb-verb series can be used to express purpose.
|
||
```
|
||
subject + (verb + object) + (verb + object)
|
||
( Purpose )
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
1. 你去商店买书。
|
||
nǐ qù shāngdiàn mǎi shū
|
||
You're going to the shop to buy books.
|
||
2. 他来宿舍看朋友。
|
||
tā lái sùshè kàn péngyou
|
||
He's coming to the dormitory to see a friend.
|
||
3. 老师来帮助我
|
||
lǎoshī lái bāngzhù wǒ
|
||
The teacher is coming to help me.
|
||
|
||
## Negative Form #不
|
||
This pattern can also be negated with 不, for example:
|
||
> 你不去商店买书。
|
||
> nǐ bú qù shāngdiàn mǎi shū
|
||
> You're **not** going to the shop to buy books.
|
||
|
||
## Interrogative Form #吗
|
||
It can also be made interrogative with 吗:
|
||
> 你去商店买书吗？
|
||
> nǐ qù shāngdiàn mǎi shū ma?
|
||
|
||
Or with a yes-no construction:
|
||
> 你去不去商店买书？
|
||
> nǐ qù bu qù shāngdiàn mǎi shū?
|
||
|
||
# Location #在 #locative
|
||
The first type of preposition is _place_, which uses 在 + location/[[Locatives|locative]].
|
||
```
|
||
subject + (在 + location) + (verb + object)
|
||
( Location )
|
||
```
|
||
For example:
|
||
1. 他**在书店**买书。
|
||
tā **zài shūdiàn** mǎi shū
|
||
He is buying books **in the bookshop**.
|
||
2. 你弟弟**在我这儿**看杂志。
|
||
nǐ dìdi **zài wǒ zhèr** kàn zázhì
|
||
Your brother is reading magazines **at mine.**
|
||
(1) has a real world place as the location, but (2) has a derived locative from attaching 这儿 to 我 (since 我 is not a locative, thus 在 cannot take it as an object).
|
||
|
||
# Origin #从 #locative
|
||
Origin prepositions can be created with the preposition 从cóng, "from", + location/locative:
|
||
```
|
||
subject + (从 + location) + (verb + object)
|
||
( Origin )
|
||
```
|
||
Examples:
|
||
1. 她从中国来。
|
||
tā cóng Zhōngguó lái
|
||
She is coming from China.
|
||
2. 我从家去。
|
||
wǒ cóng jiā qù
|
||
I'm going from my house.
|
||
3. 你从我这儿去。
|
||
nǐ cóng wǒ zhèr qù
|
||
You're going from mine.
|
||
4. 她从老师那儿去。
|
||
tā cóng lǎoshī nàr qù
|
||
She is going from the teacher's place.
|
||
> [!warning] 从 is not a verb
|
||
> Unlike 去 and 来, 从 is not a verb - it is a preposition. Thus, it cannot stand on it's own without another verb. You cannot say "他从中国".
|
||
|
||
## Destination
|
||
We can use 从 to describe an origin *and* destination - to (verb) *from* somewhere *to* somewhere:
|
||
```
|
||
(从 + location) + verb + location
|
||
( Origin ) (Destination)
|
||
```
|
||
Examples:
|
||
1. 她从中国去美国。
|
||
tā cóng Zhōngguó qù Měiguó
|
||
She goes from China to the US.
|
||
2. 他从我这儿去书店。
|
||
tā cóng wǒ zhèr qù shūdiàn
|
||
He goes from mine to the bookshop.
|
||
3. 他从宿舍去你去你那儿。
|
||
tā cóng sùshè qù nǐ nàr
|
||
He goes from the dormitory to your place.
|
||
4. 他从我这儿去你那儿。
|
||
tā cóng nǐ zhèr qù nǐ nàr
|
||
He goes from mine to yours. (He goes from me to you.)
|
||
5. 他从哪儿去王老师那儿？
|
||
tā cóng nǎr qù Wáng lǎoshī nàr
|
||
From where does he go to Teacher Wang's?
|
||
# Benefactor #benefactor #给
|
||
A benefactor preposition uses 给gěi, "on behalf of somebody"/"for someone's benefit". This is called the *benefactor* preposition:
|
||
```
|
||
subject + (给 + person) + verb + object
|
||
(Benefactor )
|
||
```
|
||
For example:
|
||
1. 我**给弟弟**买画报。
|
||
wǒ **gěi dìdì** mǎi huàbào
|
||
I'm buying a pictorial **for my little brother**.
|
||
2. 古波**不给爸爸**写信。
|
||
Gūbǒ bù gěi bàba xiě xìn
|
||
Gūbǒ doesn't write **his father**.
|
||
3. 老**给我们**介绍中国吗？
|
||
lǎoshī **gěi wǒmen** jiěshào Zhōngguó ma
|
||
Is the teacher going to teach **us** about China?
|
||
4. 我妈妈常**给我**介绍女朋友。
|
||
wǒ māma cháng **gěi wǒ** jièshào nǚ péngyou
|
||
My mother often introduces **me** to girls.
|
||
|
||
Only some verbs can take this 给 pattern. Some key ones to remember are:
|
||
1. `给 (someone) 买 (something)` mǎi (buy) #买
|
||
2. `给 (someone) 写信` xiě (write) #写
|
||
3. `给 (someone) 介绍 （something/someone)` jièshào (introduce) #介绍
|
||
|
||
# Accompaniment #accompaniment #跟 #一起
|
||
The company expression uses the verb 跟gēn "to follow, with", the object referring to the company, and the adverb 一起yìqǐ:
|
||
```
|
||
(跟 + person + 一起) + verb
|
||
( Company )
|
||
```
|
||
Examples:
|
||
1. 我们跟老师一起去图书馆。
|
||
wǒmen gēn lǎoshī yìqǐ qù túshūguǎn
|
||
We go to the library together with the teacher.
|
||
2. 我跟我弟弟一起去看电影。
|
||
wǒ gēn wǒ dìdi yìqǐ qù kàn diànyǐng
|
||
I'll go to see a movie with my younger brother.
|
||
3. 你在他那儿等一下人，我去阅览室找张先生。我们跟他一起去买词典。
|
||
nǐ zài tā nàr děng yíxiàr, wǒ qù yuèlǎnshì zhǎo Zhāng xiānsheng. wǒmen gēn tā yìqǐ qù mǎi cídiǎn
|
||
Please wait at his place, I will go to the reading room to look for Mr. Zhang. We'll go together with him to buy a dictionary.
|
||
|
||
# Conveyance #conveyance
|
||
Conveyance can be used to express the method of transporting/travelling somewhere - in most cases a means of transportation (e.g. a car):
|
||
```
|
||
(Conveyance) + verb
|
||
```
|
||
Some common phrases are 坐车zuò chē (literally: sit car - by car), 走路zǒu lù (literally: walk road - on foot). 坐 can take many different types of vehicle, but one walks (走) on road (路). Examples:
|
||
1. 我们坐车去邮局。
|
||
wǒmen zuò chē qù yóujú
|
||
We go to the post office by car.
|
||
2. 他们走(路)来这儿。
|
||
tāmen zǒu (lù) lái zhèr
|
||
They come here on foot.
|
||
3. 下班以后，我和爸爸在书店等妈妈。我们一起坐车回家。
|
||
xiàbān yǐhòu, wǒ hé bàba zài shūdiàn děng māma. wǒmen yìqǐ zuò chē huí jiā.
|
||
After work, Dad and I will wait for Mum in the bookshop. We'll go home together in the car.
|
||
|
||
# Instrument #instrument #用
|
||
The instrumental expression is another verb-object construction. The verb is 用yòng (to use), and the object refers to the instrument/means:
|
||
```
|
||
(用 + instrument) + verb
|
||
```
|
||
Examples:
|
||
1. 我们用笔写字。
|
||
wǒmen yòng bǐ xiě zì
|
||
We write using a pen.
|
||
2. 老师用汉语介绍语法。
|
||
lǎoshī yòng Hànyǔ jièshào yǔfǎ
|
||
The teacher introduces grammar, in Chinese.
|
||
3. 晚上七点以后，他在教师用英语介绍汉语语法。
|
||
wǎnshang qīdiǎn yǐhòu, tā zài jiàoshì yòng Yīngyǔ jièshào Hànyǔ yǔfǎ
|
||
After 7pm, he'll be in the classroom explaining, in English, Chinese grammar.
|
||
|
||
# Ordering of Verbal Constructions #order
|
||
Verbal constructions usually have a preferred order. Here are some examples:
|
||
1. <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">Subject</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">Time</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">Accompaniment</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">Origin</mark> 》<mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">Conveyance</mark> 》<mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">Main Verb</mark> 》<mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">Object</mark>
|
||
<mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">我</mark><mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">下课以后</mark><mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">跟我朋友一起</mark><mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">从教室</mark><mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">走路</mark><mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">去</mark><mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">图书馆</mark>。
|
||
<mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">wǒ</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">xià kě yǐhòu</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">gēn wǒ péngyou yìqǐ</mark> <mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">cóng jiàoshì</mark> <mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">zǒu lù</mark> <mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">qù</mark> <mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">túshūguǎn</mark>
|
||
<mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">After class</mark>, <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">I</mark> <mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">will go</mark> <mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">on foot</mark> <mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">to the library</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">together with my friends</mark>.
|
||
2. <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">Time,</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">Subject</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">Location</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">Benefactor</mark> 》<mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">Instrument</mark> 》<mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">Main Verb</mark> 》<mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">Object</mark>
|
||
<mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">晚上八点以后，</mark><mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">王老师</mark><mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">在教室</mark><mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">给学生</mark><mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">用英语</mark><mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">介绍</mark><mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">这个法国电影</mark>。
|
||
<mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">wǎnshang bādiǎn yǐhòu,</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">Wáng lǎoshī</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">zài jiàoshì</mark> <mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">gěi xuésheng</mark> <mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">yòng Yīngyǔ</mark> <mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">jièshào</mark> <mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">zhè ge Fǎguó diànyǐng</mark>
|
||
<mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">After 8pm,</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">Teacher Wang</mark> will be <mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">in the classroom</mark> <mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">introducing</mark> <mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">to the students</mark>, <mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">in English</mark>, <mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">a French film</mark>.
|
||
3. <mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">Subject</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">Time</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">Accompaniment</mark> 》<mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">Conveyance</mark> 》<mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">Main Verb</mark> 》<mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">Object</mark> 》<mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">Purpose</mark>
|
||
<mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">我</mark><mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">现在</mark><mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">跟你一起</mark><mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">走路</mark><mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">去</mark><mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">那儿</mark><mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">坐车</mark>，好吗？
|
||
<mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">wǒ</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">xiànzài</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">gēn nǐ yìqǐ</mark> <mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">zǒu lù</mark> <mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">qù</mark> <mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">nàr</mark> <mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">zuò chē</mark>, hǎo ma?
|
||
<mark style="background: #CACFD9A6;">I</mark><mark style="background: #BBFABBA6;">'m going</mark> <mark style="background: #ABF7F7A6;">there</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB86CA6;">with you</mark> <mark style="background: #FFF3A3A6;">on foot</mark> <mark style="background: #FFB8EBA6;">now</mark> <mark style="background: #ADCCFFA6;">to catch the bus</mark>, ok? |