Jack Bond-Preston
96de4a2060
Affected files: Optative Verbs.md 了le.md 就jiù.md 还hái.md 还是háishì vs 或者huòzhě.md
71 lines
4.0 KiB
Markdown
71 lines
4.0 KiB
Markdown
#adverb #还
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# 还 as "also; additionally"
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The adverb 还hái has a variety of meanings. One of the basic usages is to indicated "in addition to", "beside", or "on top of that":
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> **(1)** 我有三个姐姐，四个妹妹， 还有一个哥哥。
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> wǒ yǒu sānge jiějie, sìge mèime, hái yǒu yige gēge
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> I have three elder sisters, one younger sister, in addition to one older brother.
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## 还 vs 也
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还 feels similar to 也yě, which means "also". We can even rephrase the previous sentence using 也:
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> **(2)** 我有三个姐姐， 四个妹妹， 也有一个哥哥。
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> wǒ yǒu sānge jiějie, sìge mèimei, yě yǒu yige gēge.
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However, there are a few differences between the two in usage.
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### Element of Surprise
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也 marks a parallel situation of a relationship between two events or action - hence, it is translated as "also" or "too".
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还, however, indicates an element of surprise - which is why it is translated more as "on top of", "in addition to", etc.
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Therefore, **(2)** is simply a counting of the siblings one has - whilst **(1)** places emphasis on the large number of siblings one has:
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> Not only do I have seven sisters, I also have one brother.
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Here is another pair of examples:
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> **(3)** 王老师教语法，也叫汉字。
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> Wáng lǎoshī jiāo yǔfǎ, yě jiāo Hànzi
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> Teacher Wang teaches grammar, and also Chinese characters.
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>
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> **(4)** 王老师教语法，还叫汉字。
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> Wáng lǎoshī jiāo yǔfǎ, hái jiāo Hànzi
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> Teacher Wang teaches grammar. On top of that, he also teaches Chinese characters.
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Again **(3)** is a more simple and plain way of putting the sentence. **(4)** is a much more emphatic description of the same: Not only does Mr. Wang teach grammar (which is already hard), he also teaches Chinese characters!
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Thus we can see 也 has a much more factual tone, as opposed to 还's extra emphasis or indication of surprise.
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Here is an example of using both 也 and 还 in the same sentence:
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> **(5)**
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> 》**A:** 我现在去新图书馆借书。那儿有英语书，也有法语书，还有中文报。你去不去？
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> wǒ xiànzài qù xīn túshūguǎn jiè shū. nàr yǒu yīngyú shū, yě yǒu fǎyú shū, hái yǒu Zhōngwén bào. nǐ qù bu qù?
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> I'm now going to the new bookshop to borrow books. There there are English books, and French books. In addition, they have Chinese newspapers. Are you going?
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> 》**B:** 我也去。我去那儿还地图。
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> wǒ yě qù. wǒ qù nàr huán dìtú.
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> I'm also going. I'm going there to return a map.
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### 还 can't mean "A does X, B also does X"
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To express the meaning: "**A** does **X**, **A** also does **Y**." You can use either 也 or 还.
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However, for the meaning: "**A** does **X**, **B** also does **X**" you can *only* use 也.
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Some examples:
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1. 我教语法，(我)也教汉字。
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wǒ jiāo yǔfǎ, (wǒ) yě jiāo Hànzi
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I teach grammar, and I also teach Chinese characters.
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2. 我教语法， 你也教语法。
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wǒ jiāo yǔfǎ, nǐ yě jiāo yǔfǎ
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I teach grammar, and you also teach grammar.
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3. 我教语法，(我)还教汉字。
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wǒ jiāo yǔfǎ, (wǒ) hái jiāo Hànzi
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I teach grammar, and on top of that, I also teach Chinese characters.
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4. <mark style="background: #FF5582A6;">我教语法，你还教语法。 (Incorrect)</mark>
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<mark style="background: #FF5582A6;">wǒ jiāo yǔfǎ, nǐ hái jiāo yǔfǎ</mark>
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<mark style="background: #FF5582A6;"> I teach grammar, and on top of that, you also teach grammar.</mark>
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# 还 as "still"
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还hái can also function as a temporal adverb, indicating that "the situation is *still* the case". The action or state represented by the verb began in the past, and continues into the present:
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1. 我以前有三个妹妹，现在还有三个妹妹。
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I used to have three younger sisters, I *still* have three (none died).
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2. 我的孩子今年三岁，可是还不会走路。
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My child is three this year, but he *still* can't walk.
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3. A: 我们走吧。
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B: 还早呢。 我还要在跟丁云谈谈。
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A: Let's go.
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B: It's *still* early. I *still* need to talk to Ding Yun more.
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